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CVE-2026-79981

DNS resolver reuses a single UDP source port for all queries, easing off-path answer spoofing

Published
2026-10-23
Last modified
2026-10-23
CNA
zephyr
NVD status
Received
CWE
CWE-330

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CVSS v3.1 (listed by NVD)
6.5
MEDIUM
Scored by zephyrproject.org (not yet scored by NVD)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N
CVSS v4.0 (listed by NVD)
—
Not scored
CVSS (listed by CVE.org)
6.5
MEDIUM
Scored by CNA (zephyr) · v3.1
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N
EPSS exploit probability
0.2%
Percentile 8.7%
as of 2026-10-24
CISA KEV
—
Not listed

Attack conditions and impact

Derived from the CNA (via NVD) CVSS 3.1 vector
NetworkNo authNo interactionConditions Confidentiality LIntegrity HAvailability N

This vulnerability may be exploitable over the internet without authentication or user interaction.

MetricValueMeaning
Attack vector AVNNetwork
Attack complexity ACHHigh (conditions required)
Privileges required PRNNone
User interaction UINNone
Scope SUUnchanged
Confidentiality CLLow
Integrity IHHigh
Availability ANNone
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N

Description

NVD

The DNS stub resolver in subsys/net/lib/dns/resolve.c binds one UDP socket per configured server when the resolver context is initialised (dns_resolve_init_locked() -> register_dispatcher() -> dns_dispatcher_register()), with the local port left at 0 so the stack picks an ephemeral port exactly once. dns_write() then sends every subsequent query from that same socket without re-binding, so the source port is constant for the lifetime of the resolver context while only the 16-bit transaction identifier (ctx->queries[i].id, drawn with sys_rand16_get()) varies per query. RFC 5452 section 9.2 requires both to vary; with a fixed port, an off-path attacker has to guess only the identifier. The stable port is cheap to learn. Any single observed query reveals it permanently, and it can also be found by probing the ephemeral UDP range: subsys/net/ip/connection.c answers unmatched unicast UDP with an ICMP port-unreachable, so the resolver's socket is the one port in that range that stays silent. Acceptance of a reply is decided solely by get_slot_by_id() matching the transaction identifier and a CRC-16 of the queried name — the reply's source address is never checked (dispatcher_cb() does ARG_UNUSED(addr)), so forged answers need not even be spoofed to appear to come from the configured server; they only need to reach the resolver's port. An attacker with UDP reachability to the device (same LAN, Wi-Fi or mesh segment, or a globally routable device address) can therefore flood answers for a predictable query name across the 16-bit identifier space during a query window and race the legitimate server. A win makes the application resolve an attacker-chosen address, and with CONFIG_DNS_RESOLVER_CACHE enabled the forged record is retained for its attacker-chosen TTL. The attack still requires winning that race, and applications that validate TLS certificates for the resolved endpoint are largely protected. The fix draws a fresh local port before each query to a server that has nothing outstanding: dns_randomize_source_port() unregisters the dispatcher, closes and reopens the socket, and re-registers it bound to port 0 so the system selects a new port, raising the per-query guessing space from roughly 16 to roughly 31 bits. Multicast DNS and LLMNR are excluded because their ports are protocol-fixed. The behaviour is controlled by CONFIG_DNS_RESOLVER_RANDOMIZE_SOURCE_PORT (default y).

CVSS assessments

ProviderVersionScoreVector
NVD / [email protected] (Secondary)3.16.5 MEDIUMCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N
CNA / zephyr3.16.5 MEDIUMCVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:H/A:N

Affected products and packages

CNA (CVE.org)

VendorProductVersions
zephyrprojectzephyr
affected: 1.8.0 … < 4.5.0
default: unaffected

Linux distribution status

Red Hat ↗ Fetching

Debian ↗

No record

Ubuntu ↗ Fetching

References (2)